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The Trump Administration's new tariff initiatives are reshaping the importing environment in ways that extend far beyond the tariff rates themselves. Increased duties are driving higher customs bond requirements, new executive actions are signaling a more aggressive enforcement posture, and importers are facing growing pressure to ensure that their compliance programs can withstand heightened scrutiny.

For months, the U.S. Government has signaled it would challenge the Court of International Trade’s (CIT) authority to require refunds of IEEPA tariff payments for “finally liquidated” entries (those more than 90 days after liquidation). That challenge has now arrived. In recent CIT filings and in its appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC), the Government has argued that the CIT cannot order the return of finally liquidated IEEPA tariff payments, except for plaintiffs that have filed protective actions under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i).

For much of the past year, the principal focus of the IEEPA tariff litigation has been whether the tariffs were lawful and whether importers would ultimately be entitled to refunds. Following the Supreme Court's February 2026 decision invalidating the tariffs and the subsequent proceedings before the Court of International Trade, those questions have largely been answered. The focus has increasingly shifted from whether refunds should be paid to how those refunds will be processed, administered, and distributed.